Voice Change

Voice: ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গিকেই Voice বলে। ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমা বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছে, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has done to it.

 

ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমার উপর ভিত্তি করে Voice কে দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথাঃ

a) Active Voice

b) Passive Voice

Active Voice: Verb এর যে রূপে Subject ক্রিয়াশীল থেকে নিজ কাজ সরাসরি করে তাকে Active Voice বলে। যেমনঃ

i) I write a letter.

ii) We play cricket.

Passive Voice: Verb-এর পরিবর্তনশীল যে রূপে Subject নিষ্ক্রিয় অর্থাৎ Object-এর কাজটি তার উপর পরে তাকে Passive Voice বলে। যেমনঃ

i) A letter is written by me.

ii) Cricket is played by us.

 

Passive Voice-এ Auxiliary verb ব্যবহারের নিয়মঃ Main verb এর tense অনুসারে নিচের নিয়মে Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

Present Indefinite                    am/is/are

 

Past Indefinite                         was/were

 

Future Indefinite                     shall be/will be

 

Present Continuous                am being/is being/are being

 

Past Continuous                     was being/were being

 

Future Continuous                 shall be being/will be being 

 

Present Perfect                       has been/have been

 

Past Perfect                            had been

 

Future Perfect                         shall have been/will have been

 

Present Perfect Continuous    have been being/has been being

 

Past Perfect Continuous         had been being

 

Future Perfect Continuous      shall have been being/will have been being                     

 

 

Voice change করার Rules

Subject থেকে Object: Active Voice-এর Subject, Passive Voice-এ Object এবং Active Voice-এর Object Passive Voice-এর Subject হয়। Main verb এর tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে এবং Object এর আগে by বসাতে হবে। তবে একমাত্র Pronoun-এর Subject Object-এ আকার পরিবর্তন করে না।

 

Active (Sub)                      Passive (Obj)

I                                           Me

We                                      Us

You                                     You

He                                        Him

She                                      Her

They                                   Them

 

Present Indefinite Tense:

Structure: Object-টির Subjective form+ am/is/are + verb-এর Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: We play football.

Passive: Football is played by us.

Active: He does not eat rice.

Passive Rice is not eaten by him.

 

Present Continuous Tense:

Structure: Object-এর Subjective form + am being /is being/are being + মূল verb-এর Past participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by him.

Active: Are they eating mangoes?

Passive: Are mangoes being eaten by them?

 

Present perfect Tense:

Structure: Object-টির Subjective form + have been/ has been+ verb-এর Past participle + by + Subject-এর objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He has done the work.

Passive: The work has been done by him.

Active: They have not played the match.

Passive: The match has not been played by them.

 

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structure: Objective- Subjective form + have been being/has been being + verb Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I have been writing this letter since morning.

Passive: This letter has been being written by me since morning.

Active: He has not been making this box for two hours.

Passive: This box has not been being made by him for two hours.

 

Past indefinite Tense:

Structure: Object-টির Subjective form + was/were + মূল verb-এর Past participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by him.

Active: I did not read the book.

Passive: The book was not read by me.

 

Past Continuous Tense:

Structure: Object-টির Subjective form + was being/were being + verb-এর Past participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He was riding a car.

Passive: A car was being ridden by him.

Active: He was not writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was not being written by him.

 

Past Perfect Tense:

Structure: Object-এর Subjective form + had been + verb-এর Past participle + by + subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: They had eaten rice.

Passive: Rice had been eaten by them. 

Active: He had written a letter before his brother reached home.

Passive: A letter had been written by him before his brother reached home.

 

Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structure: Objective- Subjective form + had been being + verb Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I had been singing song since morning.

Passive: Song had been being sung by me since morning.

Active: He had been ploughing the land for one hour.

Passive: The land had been being ploughed by him for one hour.

 

Future Indefinite Tense:

Structure: Object-এর Subjective form + will be/ shall be + মূল verb-এর Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

 Active: I shall do the work.

Passive: The work will be done by me.

Active: Will he help me?

Passive: Shall I be helped by him?

 

Future Continuous Tense:

Structure: Object-এর Subjective form + shall be being/will be being + মূল verb-এর Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He will be taking tea.

Passive: Tea will be being taken by him.

Active: The teacher will be teaching us.

Passive: We shall be being taught by the teacher.

 

Future Perfect Tense:

Structure: Object-টির Subjective form + shall have bee/will have been + মূল verb-এর Past participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: They will have finished the work before the sunsets.

Passive: The work will have been finished by them before the sunsets.

 Active: I shall have read the book.

Passive: The book will have been read by me.

 

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structure: Objective- Subjective form + shall have been being/will have been being + verb Past Participle + by + Subject-এর Objective form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I shall have been reading a novel since morning.

Passive: A novel will have been being read by me since morning.

Active: He will have not been receiving the parcel box.

Passive: The parcel shall have not been being received by him.

 

When isn't Preposition ‘By’ used?

 

1. Use preposition ‘At’ Instead of ‘by’ for the sentences with ‘surprised, annoyed, shocked, alarmed, disappointed, displeased, distressed, astonished, laughed’ as the main verb.

Active: His behaviour annoyed me.

Passive: I was annoyed at (not by) his behaviour

 

2. Use preposition 'to' instead of 'by' for the sentences with ‘married, known, obliged’ as the main verbs.

Active: Shakib married Shishir.

Passive: Shishir was married to Shakib.

 

3. Use preposition ‘with’ instead of 'by' for the sentences with ‘pleased, disgusted, impressed,

charmed etc.' as the main verbs.

Active: She impressed us.

Passive: We were impressed with her.

Active: Her performance impressed us.

Passive: We were impressed at her performance.

 

4. Use preposition 'in' Instead of 'by' for the sentences with ‘interested, consisted, absorbed, contained etc.’ as the main verbs.

 

Active: This topic might interest students.

Passive: Students might be interested in this topic.

 

Interrogative Sentence: Interrogative sentence এর Active Voice-কে Passive voce-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম সমূহঃ

 

Auxiliary Verb যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence-টিকে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

i) প্রথমে Interrogative sentence টিকে খসড়া ভাবে Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হয়।

ii) রূপান্তরিত Assertive sentence টিকে খসড়া ভাবে Active থেকে Passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

iii) এরপর রূপান্তরিত Passive voice-টির Auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।

iv) শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Will he write a letter?

He will write a letter (Assertive-এ রূপান্তরিত)

A letter will be written by him. (Passive এ রূপান্তরিত)

Proper Passive: Will a letter be written by him?

(Auxiliary ‘will’ প্রথমে ও শেষে '?' চিহ্ন বসিয়ে)

 

Active: Did you ride bicycle?

You rode bicycle.

Bicycle was ridden by you.

Passive: Was bicycle ridden by you?

N.B. উপরোক্ত খসড়া Sentence দুটি মনে মনে করে নিতে হবে, পরীক্ষার উত্তরপত্রে লেখা যাবে না।

 

Who যুক্ত Active থেকে Passive করার নিয়মঃ যদি Auxiliary 'Do' না থাকে এবং 'Who' question দিয়ে Word শুরু হয় তাহলে সহজেই সরাসরি Passive করা যায়।

 

i) Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে +

ii) Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +

iii) Object-টি Subject হয় +

iv) Tense অনুযায়ী প্রয়োজন বোধে কর্তার পরে be/being/been বসাতে হয় +

v) মূল verb এর Past participle বসে +

vi) প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Who taught you English?

Passive: By whom were you taught English?

Active: Who has broken the glasses?

Passive: By whom have the glasses been broken?

 

Whom যুক্ত Interrogative sentence-কে Passive করার নিয়মঃ

i) প্রথমে Whom-এর পরিবর্তে Who বসে +

ii) Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +

iii) মূল verb এর Past Participle বসে +

iv) by বসে +

v) Subject-এর Objective form বসে +

vi) শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

 

আবার, অন্যান্য WH-Word যুক্ত (Who ও Whom ব্যতীত) Interrogative এর ক্ষেত্রে সেই WH-Word-টি প্রথমে বসে এবং বাদ বাকী একই থাকে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Whom has he called?

Passive: Who has been called by him?

Active: Whom did you see in the hospital?

Passive: Who was seen by you in the hospital?

Active: What has he done?

Passive: What has been done by him?

 

Imperative Sentence: Imperative sentence এর Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম সমূহঃ

শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হলে:

Structure: Let + Object এর Subject + be + Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Close the door.

Passive: Let the door be closed.

Active: Shut the window.

Passive: Let the window be shut.

 

Do not দিয়ে শুরু হলে:

Structure: Let not + Object এর Subject + be + Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Do not close the door.

Passive: Let not the door be closed.

 

Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক Object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative Sentence হয়, তাহলে Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Let + Object এর Subject + be + Verb-এর Past Participle form + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Let me play football.

Passive: Let the football be played by me.

 

Never যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Let not + Object এর Subject + ever be + Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Never tell a lie.

Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.

Active: Never do this.

Passive: Let not this ever be done.

 

মূল Verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক Object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Let + Direct Object-টি বসবে (মূল Verb এর পর যে Object-টি থাকে) + be + Verb-এর Past Participle form + for + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Buy me a shirt.

Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.

Active Give me a glass of water.

Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.

 

Voice change করার কিছু special rules

 

Rule 1: Modal Auxiliary-May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to etc. যুক্ত Active voice-কে Passive voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Active voice-এর Object, Subject হিসেবে বসবে + Modal verb + Verb-এর Past Participle form + Preposition + Active voice-এর Subject, Object হিসেবে বসবে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I may help you.

Passive: You may be helped by me

 

Rule 2: Subject + verb + object + Present Participle যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Active Voice-এর Object, Subject হিসেবে বসবে + Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb + Verb-এর Past Participle form + Present Participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + Active Voice-এর Subject, Object হিসেবে বসবে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I saw him playing cricket.

Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.

 

Rule 3: Double Object যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

(Personal Object-কে Subject-এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল)

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I gave him a flower.

Passive: He was given a flower by me.

 

Rule 4: Complex ও Compound Sentence-এর Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

 

Complex ও Compound Sentence-এর Active Voice-এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় Clause-এর Voice পরিবর্তন হয়।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: I know (Main clause) that he did the work. (Subordinate clause)

Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.

Note: Active voice ‘People say’ দিয়ে শুরু হলে ‘It is said’ দিয়ে Passive Voice করাই ভাল।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest

Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest.

 

Rule 5: Intransitive Verb যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Active Voice-এর Object-টি Subject হিসেবে বসবে + Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb + Verb-এর Past Participle form + প্রদত্ত Preposition + by + Active Voice-এর Subject-টি Object হিসেবে বসবে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He takes care of his parents.

Passive: His parents are taken care of by him.

 

Rule 6: Reflexive Object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Verb-এর Past Participle form + by + Reflexive object.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He hanged himself.

Passive: He was hanged by himself.

 

Rule 7: Infinitive যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: প্রদত্ত Active Voice-এর Subject + মূল Verb + Infinitive-এর পরের Object (যদি থাকে) + to be +

Infinitive এর পরের Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He wants someone to take a camera.

Passive: He wants a camera to be taken by someone.

Active: He wants you to write a letter.

Passive: He wants a letter to be written by you.

 

Rule 8: Gerund Combinations অর্থাৎ advise/propose/recommend/suggest + Gerund + Object যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Active Voice-এর Subject + মূল Verb + that + gerund-এর পরের object-টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund-টি Verb-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে Verb-এর Past Participle form বসে।

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He suggested giving up smoking.

Passive He suggested that smoking should be given up.

Active: He wanted playing football.

Passive He wanted that football should be played.

 

Rule 9: Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand + infinitive + Object-যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Active Voice-এর Subject + মূল Verb + that + infinitive-এর পরের Object + should be + infinitive-এর পরের Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: He decided to buy the house.

Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.

Active: You agreed to sell the house.

Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

 

Rule 10: One + should যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive voice-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Active Voice-এর Object, Subject হিসেবে বসবে + should be + Verb-এর Past Participle form.

 

যেমনঃ

Active One should tell the truth.

Passive: Truth should be told.

Active: One shouldn't tell a lie.

Passive A lie shouldn't be told.

 

Rule 11: Quasi-passive Verb: Quasi শব্দের অর্থ half বা অর্ধেক। অর্থাৎ Half-passive = Quasi-passive. অতএব বলা যায়, যেসব Verb Half-passive-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Quasi-passive verb বলে। এদের Passive করতে হলে নিমলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে:

1st Structure: Subject + Be verb + Complement + When (if) + It/they + Be verb + Verb-এর Past Participle.

2nd Structure: Subject + Be verb + Verb- Past Participle + Complement.

 

যেমনঃ

Active: Honey tastes sweet

Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted!

Or, Honey is tasted sweet

Active: The bed feels soft.

Passive: The bed is soft when it is felt

Or, The bed is felt soft.

Active: This story reads funny.

Passive: This story is funny when it is read

Or, This story is read funny.